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EB 801 MEDICAL IMAGE PROCESSING 

 

Module I

 

Image perception -MTF of the visual system - monochrome vision models - color vision model Image sampling and quantization - Two dimensional sampling theory - Practical limits in sampling reconstruction. Image quantization - visual quatization. Image transforms - Two dimensional orthogonal and unitary transforms - properties of unitary transforms - onedimensional DFT-2D DFT - cosine,sine Hadamard ,Haar transforms, KLT ,slant transforms.

 
Module II

Image enhancement - Point operations - contrast stretching - clipping and thresholding - digital negative intensity level slicing - bit extraction. Histogram modelling - histogram eqalization - modification. Spatial operations - smoothing techniques. Magnification and interpolation. Transform operations.Applications in medical imaging. 

Module III

Image filtering and restoration.Inverse and weiner filters –filtering using image transforms. Splines and interpolation. Maximum entropy restoration. Bayesian methods Image analysis- spatial feature extraction - transform features. Edge detection – boundary extraction, shape features image segmentation.

 

Module IV

Image reconstruction from projections CT reconstruction Radon transform-inverse radon transform back projection operator-convolution back projection- parallel beam geometry-Fan beam geometry. MRI Fourier reconstruction.

 

  Text Book

 

 

  1. Jain Anil K: Fundamentals of Digital Image Processing- , Prentice Hall of India. 1989
  2. Rosenfield Azriel, Kak Avinash C: Digital Picture Processing, Academic Press Inc.1991
 

References: 

  1. Gonzalez Rafel C, Wintz Paul: Digital Image Processing, Addison Wesley.1993
  2. Pratt William K: Digital Image Processing,  John Wiley and Sons. 2001
 
 

Type of Questions for University Exam.

Q 1.Eight short answer questions of 5 marks with two questions from each of the four modules.

Q 2. to Q.5 : Two questions A & B of 15 marks from each modules with option to answer either A & B. 
 
 
 
 
 

EB 802 TELEMEDICINE

Module 1

Definitions of telemedicine telehealth and telecare. History of telemedicine: Main phases of telemedicine Pre electronic telemedicine Electronic telemedicine Technical Requirements , Type of information and standards, audio, data, Fax, Video Types of communications and networking- networking architecture, POTS, ISDN, ATM Other Fixed networks, Air/aireless communications.- RF,Microwaves, Satellite, GSM, CDPD (Cellular Digital Packet Data) Acquisition/ displays: Acquisition systems Cameras, Scanners, Other medical specialized acquisition system

Display systems: Analogue devices, LCD, Laser displays, Holographic representations, Virtual screen devices Computation / storage systems: Magnetic, Mixed, Optical (laser) devices (only brief description required)

Module 1I

Telemedicine applications: Teleradiology : Basic parts of a teleradiography system, Image acquisition and management, display, communication, interpretation Telepathology: Applications, requirements, security and confidentiality tools, telequantitation at distance. Telecytology: Applications, Telecardiology: requirements, portable solutions Telehome-Care Home based applications, Teleoncology : Applications, Telesurgery, telepsychiatry, Teledermatology : Techniques.

Module III

Internet in telemedicine 1) The internet 2) Basic concepts 3) Security – secure socket layer – Firewalls – proxies. Personal Communication , Medical data sharing needs for telemedicine- -Internet problems Distant training, teleworking and telecasting.

Module IV

Ethical and legal aspects of telemedicine-confidentiality, patient rights and consent-ehtical and legal aspects of internet-telemedical malpractice

Constraints for the wide spread use of telemedicine- constraints linked to economy, social acceptance Strategic planning for telemedicine implementation. Analysis of the present situation and the demand Objectives and strategies- Plan of implementation Forces affecting technology transfer scenarios for telemedicine

Text Books:

  1. Olga (EDT), Ferrer – Roca, M. Sosa (EDT), Marcelo C, Handbook of telemedicine,IOS Press 1998
  2. Ling Guan, Multimedia image and video processing, CRC Press 2000
  3. Thorsten M Buzug, Heinz Handels, Dietrich Holz, Telemedicine: Medicine and Communication”, Springer Verlag 2001
  4. Douglas V.Goldstein, “ E Healthcare: Harness the power of Internet, e-commerce and e-care”, Jones and Barlett Publishers
  5. A. C. Norris Essentials of Telemedicine and Telecare, John  Wiley & Sons 2002

Type of Questions for University Exam.

Q 1.Eight short answer questions of 5 marks with two questions from each of the four modules.

Q 2. to Q.5 : Two questions A & B of 15 marks from each modules with option to answer either A & B. 
 
 

EB 803 BIOPHOTONICS

Module I

Principles of operation and characteristics & properties of common continuous and pulsed lasers used in medicine – He-Ne, Nd-YAG, Argon, CO2, free electron and semiconductor lasers.

Module II

Optical properties of tissues:  Introduction – fundamental optical properties – refraction, scattering, absorption – light transport in tissue – preliminaries to radiation transport – time resolved propagation of light pulses – tissue properties – refractive indices, scattering and absorption properties. Light tissue interactions – light interactions with a strongly scattering tissue – continuous wave light, polarized light, short light pulses, diffused photon density waves.

Optothermal interaction – temperature rise and tissue damage – optothermal and optoacoustic effects.

Module III

Biophotonic diagnostics: Near IR spectroscopy for biological glucose analysis, flow cytometry – basic operation, optical response,– applications - optical biosensors – principles, biorecognition, optical transduction – Bioimaging – cellular, tissue imaging and in vivo imaging. Introduction to Optical Coherence tomography.

Module IV

Biophotonic Therapy: Photodynamic therapy- basic principle, photosensitizers, mechanism of photodynamic action, applications – Laser tissue welding, lasers in dermatology, neurosurgery, ophthalmology, urology.

Text books:

  1. William T Silfwast: Laser fundamentals, Cambridge University Press, 1998.
  2. Ed.. Tuan Vo-Dinh: Biomedical Photonics Handbook, CRC Press, 2003.
  3. Paras N Prasad: Introduction to Biomedical Photonics, John Wiley.2003

References:

  1. Leon Goldman, The Biomedical laser Technology and Clinical Applications Springer-Verlar.
  2. Leon Goldman, Lasers in Medicine, Springer-Verlag.

Type of Questions for University Exam.

Q 1.Eight short answer questions of 5 marks with two questions from each of the four modules.

Q 2. to Q.5 : Two questions A & B of 15 marks from each modules with option to answer either A & B. 
 
 

EB 804 (A) MODELLING OF PHYSIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS

Module 1

Feed back control system - homeostasis - Regulatory system - Servo mechanism –  biological control system - similarities and differences - components of living control system, Model and Analog, system properties, resistance, storage, distributed and lumped systems. Mathematical approach, electrical analogues, etc. Introduction to various process controls like cardiac rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate. Blood - Glucose regulation. Pharmacokinetic modeling-compartmental models, blood-tissue models. 

Module II

Modeling of human thermal regulatory system: Parameters involved, control system model etc. Biochemistry of  digestion, Loss of heat to the environment, Heat transfer within the body, Models describing heat transfer between core and skin, heat distribution in extremities . 
 
Module III

Modeling of Respiratory system : Human Lungs: Anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system, mass balance in lungs, oxygen and carbon dioxide transport in blood

Modeling oxygen uptake by RBC and pulmonary capillaries .

 
Module IV

Modeling of Ultra filtration system : Anatomy and physiology of kidneys. Transport through cells and tubules, passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion and active transports. Methods of waste removal, counter current method  of urine formation in nephron, model of Henle's loop. 

Text boks:

  1. David Cooney, Advanced in Bio medical Engineering, Marcel Decker Publications, 1980
  2. David Cooney, Biomedical Engineering Principles, Marcel Decker Publications, 1976.
  3. Arthur C Guyton, Text Book of Medical physiology, PRISM Books India, 2000
 

References:

  1. Rushmer, Medical Engineering, Academic Press
  2. Yukihito Nose: The Artificial Kidney, The C V Mosby Co., 1969.
  3. Kennedy & Blackie,  Electromedcial Engineering
  4. Webstar,  Electronic Devices for Rehabilitation
  5. Myers, Engineering in Heart and Blood Vessels, Wiley International
  6. Ibrall & Guytion , Regulations and Control in Physiological Systems , Instruments Society USA
  7. Brown & Gann,  Engineering in Physiology Vol 1 & Vol 2
  8. Michael C.K. Khoo, Physiological Control System, PHI, New Delhi, 2001

   
 

Type of Questions for University Exam.

Q 1.Eight short answer questions of 5 marks with two questions from each of the four modules.

Q 2. to Q.5 : Two questions A & B of 15 marks from each modules with option to answer either A & B. 
 

 

  CS/EB/EC/IT 804 B  BIOINFORMATICS 

 

 

Module I 

Basic Concepts of Molecular Biology: Cells - Chromosomes, DNA, RNA, Proteins, Central dogma of molecular biology, Genomes and Genes - Genetic code, Transcription, Translation and Protein synthesis. Web based genomic and proteomic data bases: NCBI, Gen Bank 

Module II 

Sequence alignments – Dot plot-Pair-wise sequence alignments - local and global -Sequence similarity and distance measures - Smith-Waterman algorithm, Needleman-Wunch algorithm, Multiple sequence alignment –Sum-of-Pairs measure - Star and tree alignments – PAM and BLOSUM, Phylogenetic analysis 

Module III

Informational view of Genomic data, Genomic Signal Processing, DNA Spectrograms, Identification of protein coding regions, Gene expression, Microarrays, Microarray  image analysis 

Module IV

Gene structure in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes: Molecular Structure Prediction: Basic concepts and terminologies related to molecular structures, Basic molecular Visualization, RNA secondary structure prediction, Protein folding problem, Protein Threading, Protein Visualization, Introduction to Drug Discovery.  

Case Study

Software Tools: Use of Tools for basic and specialized sequence processing such as: BLAST, FASTA, RasMol, Phylip, ClustalW 

Text Books: 

  1. Setubal & Meidanis, Introduction to Computational Molecular Biology, Thomson: Brooks/Cole, 
  2. International Student Edition, 2003
  3. Claverie & Notredame, Bioinformatics - A Beginners Guide, Wiley- Dreamtech India Pvt Ltd, 2003.
 

References:

  1. Lesk, Introduction to Bioinformatics, Oxford University Press, Indian Edition, 2003
  2. Higgins and Taylor, Bioinformatics: Sequence, structure and databanks, Oxford University Press, Indian Edition, 2003
  3. Bergeron, Bioinformatics Computing, Prentice hall of India, 2003
  4. Jiang, Xu and Zhang, Current topics in Computational Molecular Biology, Ane Books, New Delhi, 2004
  5. S.C Rastogi & Namitha Mendiratta, Bioinformatics method and application Genomics,Protinomics & drug  discovery
  6. Dov Stekel, Microarray Bioinformatics, Cambridge University Press
 

Type of Questions for University Exam.

Q 1.Eight short answer questions of 5 marks with two questions from each of the four modules.

Q 2. to Q.5 : Two questions A & B of 15 marks from each modules with option to answer either A & B. 
 
 
 
 

      EB 804 (C) COMPUTER GRAPHICS AND VOLUME VISUALISATION  

 

  Module I

Overview of graphics systems. Video display devices – raster scan systems – random scan systems – input devices. Hardcopy devices – graphic software. Output primitives – points and lines. Line drawing algorithms – circle generating algorithms – polygon filling algorithms. 

Module II

Two dimensional transformations, basic transformations – translation – rotation – scaling, matrix representation and homogeneous co-ordinates – composite transformations. Transformation between co-ordinate systems – affine transformations. Two dimensional viewing – viewing pipeline – windows to viewport transformations – clipping operations – point clipping – line clipping – polygon clipping. 

Module III

Three dimensional object representations, polygon surfaces – three dimensional transformations, Three dimensional viewing. Visible surface detection. Depth buffer. Scan line algorithms – BSP trees – octrees – Ray casting. 

Module IV

Volume visualization – visualization pipeline – reconstruction - 3D voxel image – enhancement – classification – mapping – Viewing and shading. Volumetric shading techniques. Introduction to shading. Illumination models – light sources – basic illumination models. Surface shading. Image space shading.

Volume representation. Viewing algorithms, Marching cube algorithm. 
 

References:

  1. Allan Watt, Mark Watt, Introduction to animation and Rendering Addison Wesley Publishing Co, 1994.
  2. Arie Kauffman, Volume Visualisation IEEE Computer Society Press Tutorial, Washington, 1990.
  3. Donald Hearn, M.Pauline Baker, Computer Graphics, Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd.,1993.
  4. James D. Foley et.al., Introduction to computer Graphics, Addison Wesley Publishing Co., 1994.
 

Type of Questions for University Exam.

Q 1.Eight short answer questions of 5 marks with two questions from each of the four modules.

Q 2. to Q.5 : Two questions A & B of 15 marks from each modules with option to answer either A & B. 
 
 
 

 EB/EE 804 (D) VLSI DESIGN
 
Module I

VLSI process integration: - fundamental considerations in IC processing - NMOS and PMOS IC technology - CMOS IC technology - BiCMOS IC technology. - GaAs technology. Ion implantation in IC fabrication. The MOS device - (n - channel & p- channel) - capacitance of MOS structure - accumulation, depletion and inversion, threshold voltage, current equations - characteristics, channel pinch-off. Second order MOS device effects : short-channel effect, narrow width effect, sub-threshold current, device saturation characteristics.  

Module II

Switch logic- pass transistors and transmission gates, Gate logic-The basic inverter using NMOS-circuit - current equations - pull up to pull down ratio- transfer characteristics- Alternate forms of pull up. Basic NAND, NOR circuits. The CMOS inverter, characteristics – NAND, NOR and compound circuits using CMOS. Other forms of CMOS logic : pseudo CMOS, CMOS domino logic, n-p logic. Layout design of static MOS circuits – Layout rules - general principles & steps of lay-out design - use of stick diagrams - design rules -  Layout examples of NAND and NOR. 

 

Module III. 

Basic circuit concepts: sheet resistance, area capacitance,  delay unit, inverter delays – driving large capacitive loads, cascaded inverters, super buffers, BiCMOS drivers . Combinational circuits - clocked sequential circuit - drivers for bus lines. Scaling of MOS circuits: scaling models and scaling factors for device parameters. 

 

Module IV. 

Timing issues in VLSI system design: timing classification- synchronous timing basics – skew and jitter- latch based clocking- self timed circuit design - self timed logic, completion signal generation, self timed signaling–synchronizers and arbiters.   

Text Books 

 
  1. Douglas A Pucknell, Kamran Eshraghian , Basic VLSI Design, P HI
  2. Jan M. Rabaey, A. Chandrakasan, B. Nikolic Digital Integrated Circuits- A Design perspective  2/e, Pearson education

    References

 
  1. Thomas E. Dillinger , VLSI Engineering , PH International editions.
  2. S M Sze, VLSI Technology,PHI
  3. Weste and Eshraghian, Principles of CMOS VLSI Design ,A Systems Perspective,2/e, Pearson Education.
  4. Mead & Conway , Introduction to VLSI System Design-Addison Wesley
  5. Fabricius, Introduction to VLSI Design,Pearson
  6. Charles H Roth Jr – Fundamentals of Logic Design 4 Ed, Jaico Publishers
  7. Wayne Wolf:Modeern VLSI Design Systems on Chip-Pearson Education,2nd ed.,
 

Type of Questions for University Exam.

Q 1.Eight short answer questions of 5 marks with two questions from each of the four modules.

Q 2. to Q.5 : Two questions A & B of 15 marks from each modules with option to answer either A & B. 
 
 

 
  

B 804 (E)BIOMEMS & NANOTECHNOLOGY

Module I

Introduction to Microsystems,MEMS and BioMEMS-Evolution of Microfabrication-Introduction to Nanotechnology-Comparison of these systems

Silicon microfabrication techniques-photolithography(high resolution),Ion Implantation, oxidation, diffusion, sputtering, epitaxial growth, etching-

Design of flow processes in bulk manufacturing-surface micro machining- the LIGA process –EFAB fabrication- Micro system packaging.

Module II

MEMS materials:Polymer materials -common Bio MEMS polymers- micro fluids-micro arrays

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)-elements of PCR-specification of PCR

Microsystem approach to PCR-Batch system-PCR flow system;Lab-on-a-chip and micrototal analytical system

Nanostructure synthesis-functional polymersand Dendrimers-Microelectronic Array Devices DNA Diagnostics and nanofabrication applications- Nanotechnology Manufacturing

Module III:

MEMS Devices:Pressure sensors, accelerometers, micromotors, micropumps, microvalves, thermal sensors and actuators, prosthetics made of MEMS

Module IV

Nanosensors and nanodevices for clinical diagnostics – nanostructures for drug delivery, nano arrays, use of nano analytical devices and systems – potential use of DNA and other biomolecules for computing and ultra high density data storage.Application of Nanotechnology to Medical Therapy

References

 
  1. Ferrari , Mauro BioMEMS and Biomedical Nanotechnology Springer 2006
 
  1. Steven S. Saliterman,Fundamentals of BioMEMS and Medical Microdevices,SPIE PressMonograph,2006
  2. Tai-Ran Hsu  MEMS&Microsystems,TMH ,New Delhi
  3. S.Senturia, Microsystem Design ,Kluwer Academic Press,2000
  4. G.Kovacs, Micromachined Transducers Source book, McGraw Hill,NY,1998
  5. S.A.Camphell, The Science and Engineering of Microelectronic Fabrication,Oxford University Press,1996
  6. Mark A Ratner, Daniel Ratner   Nanotechnology: A Gentle Introduction to the Next Big Idea PHI
  7. Sergery E. Lyshevski, MEMS and NEMS: Systems, Devices and Strucures, CRC Press,2002

Type of Questions for University Exam.

Q 1.  Eight short answer questions of 5 marks with two questions from each of the four modules.

Q 2. to Q.5 :Two questions A or B of 15 marks from each modules with option to answer either A or B. 
 
 

EB 805 MAIN PROJECT 

Each batch of students shall develop the project designed during the VII semester. The implementation phase shall proceed as follows: 

 
  • For hardware projects, practical verification of the design, PCB design, fabrication, design analysis and testing shall be done.
  • For software projects, a proper front end (GUI) if applicable, shall be designed. A detailed algorithm level implementation, test data selection, validation, analysis of outputs and necessary trial run shall be done.
  • Integration of hardware and software, if applicable, shall be carried out.
  • A detailed project report in the prescribed format shall be submitted at the end of the semester. All test results and relevant design and engineering documentation shall be included in the report.
  • The work shall be reviewed and evaluated periodically
 

The final evaluation of the project shall be done by a team of minimum 3 internal examiners including the project guide and shall include the following. 

 
  • Presentation of the work
  • Oral examination
  • Demonstration of the project against design specifications
  • Quality and content of the project report
 
 

Guidelines for evaluation: 

    Regularity and progress of work   30
    Work knowledge and Involvement 100
    End semester presentation and oral examination 50
    Level of completion and demonstration of functionality/specifications 70
    Project Report – Presentation style and content 50
    Total 300 marks
 

Note: Points (i) and (ii) to be evaluated by the respective project guide and the project coordinator based on continuous evaluation. (iii)-(v) to be evaluated by the final evaluation team comprising of 3 internal examiners including the project guide. 
 

EB 806 VIVA - VOCE 

 
 

      Each student is required to appear for a viva-voce examination at the end of the complete course work. The students shall produce the seminar report and project reports duly attested by the institutional authorities, before the examiners. The examination panel shall comprise of one internal examiner and one external examiner, both appointed by the University. The examiners shall evaluate the students in terms of their conceptual grasp of the course of study and practical/analysis skills in the field.